![]() ![]() Much of the analysis presented in the study is based on secondary data collected and compiled by various organizations, including the three most recent National Family Health Surveys, 1990-92, 1998-99, and 2005-06. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between fertility decline and selected patterns of the Indian family in the late 20th century. Thus, it is primarily involuntarily childless women who have high childlessness concerns. Contrary to the authors' hypothesis, the association was not mediated by social messages to have children. ![]() ![]() As hypothesized, the association between reasons and childlessness concerns was mediated by the identity-relevant measure, importance of motherhood. The results indicated that women with the least control over pregnancy, those with biomedical barriers, had the highest childlessness concerns. women without children from the National Survey of Fertility Barriers. Life course and identity theories guided the structural equation model analyses of a representative sample of 1,180 U.S. The concept of “childlessness concerns” captures the idea that holidays and family gatherings are difficult because of not having children or feeling left out or sad that others have children. Does the reason why women have no children matter with regard to level of childlessness concerns? Reasons include biomedical barriers, situational barriers, delaying motherhood, and choosing to be childfree. ![]()
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